This article explains the logic Salesforce uses to associate inbound emails with existing Cases when a thread ID (also called a Ref ID) is present in the email body or subject line.
On-Demand Email-to-Case is a Salesforce feature that routes inbound customer emails to Case records using your organization's Mail Transfer Agent (MTA). When a customer replies to a case-related email, Salesforce looks for a thread ID embedded in the email to match it back to the correct Case automatically.
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