Data categories are used to help find and classify knowledge articles. The data category security model differs from most standard Salesforce security models. Normally you would begin with the most restrictive level of access at the base and then open up or grant access from there. However, with Data Categories, this model is the opposite and you'd actually start with an open security model as the default and then restrict visibility from there. See How Category Visibility Differs from Other Salesforce Models for more details.
For more detailed information and explicit examples, see Category Group Article Visibility Settings Examples.
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