As a possible workaround:

1. Connect to a second data source containing a dimension with which to populate the filter, and create a relationship (Data Sources > Edit Relationships) between the two data sources using the dimension.
2. On a worksheet built using the primary data source, click on the secondary data source in the list of data sources that appears in the upper left corner of Tableau Desktop.
3. Drag the field from the secondary data source onto the Filters shelf. The filter values should populate from the secondary data source, and so long as the linking field is enabled the resulting filter should be able to filter the view.