Error "SQL Server database error 0x80040E14 ... transaction log for database 'tempdb' is full" Querying Microsoft SQL Server

Issue

When working in Tableau Desktop, the following error might occur:

SQL Server database error 0x80040E14: Could not allocate space for object '<temporary system object: 422342733398016>' in database 'tempdb' because the 'PRIMARY' filegroup is full. Create disk space by deleting unneeded files, dropping objects in the filegroup, adding additional files to the filegroup, or setting autogrowth on for existing files in the filegroup.

or

SQL Server database error 0x80040E14: The transaction log for database 'tempdb' is full. To find out why space in the log cannot be reused, see the log_reuse_wait_desc column in sys.databases 

Cause

The error is a Microsoft SQL Server error that is passed through to Tableau Desktop and is related to a full SQL server transaction log. The database is unable to get the space it needs to complete the query.